Irhasi esemgangathweni ibhekisa kwirhasi ehambelana ne-equation ye-gas state equation (PV=nRT) phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo (uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kunye nobushushu, okt 1 atm kunye ne-273.15K). Igesi eqhelekileyo ligama kushishino lwegesi. Izinto ezisemgangathweni yimigangatho yokulinganisa kunye nokugxininiswa okufanayo, ukuzinza okulungileyo kunye nexabiso elichanekileyo. Banemisebenzi esisiseko yokuvelisa kwakhona, ukugcina nokudlulisa amaxabiso. Zisetyenziswa kwiinkalo zomlinganiselo womzimba, wekhemikhali, webhayoloji kunye nobunjineli ukulinganisa izixhobo zokulinganisa kunye neenkqubo zokulinganisa,